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A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
Actin Cytoskeleton Focal Adhesion Rap1 Signaling Pathway Ecm Receptor Interaction Pi3k Akt Signaling Pathway Chemokine Signaling Pathway Apelin Signaling Pathway Sphingolipid Signaling Pathway Ras Signaling Pathway Camp Signaling Pathway Mapk Signaling Pathway, supplied by Cytoskeleton Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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actin cytoskeleton focal adhesion rap1 signaling pathway ecm receptor interaction pi3k akt signaling pathway chemokine signaling pathway apelin signaling pathway sphingolipid signaling pathway ras signaling pathway camp signaling pathway mapk signaling pathway - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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bile acid takeda g protein coupled receptor 5 tgr5 cyclic adenosine monophosphate camp  (Takeda)
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A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
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A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
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Eurofins camp, beta-arrestin recruitment and activated receptor internalization assays
A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
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Eurofins camp hunter chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human κ-opioid receptor
A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
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Eurofins camp hunter chinese hamster ovary cells (cho-k1) expressing human μ-opioid receptor (oprm1, catalog # 95-0107c2)
A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
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Eli Lilly measurement of camp for gαs- and gαi protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs)
A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
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serotonin (1a, 1b, 2a, 2c and 7 receptors) camp assay  (Multispan)
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Multispan serotonin (1a, 1b, 2a, 2c and 7 receptors) camp assay
A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
Serotonin (1a, 1b, 2a, 2c And 7 Receptors) Camp Assay, supplied by Multispan, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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cho-k1 cells expressing recombinant human d2l receptors (drd2l camp huntertm, gi cell line)  (Eurofins)
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Eurofins cho-k1 cells expressing recombinant human d2l receptors (drd2l camp huntertm, gi cell line)
A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), <t>PI3K/AKT</t> signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.
Cho K1 Cells Expressing Recombinant Human D2l Receptors (Drd2l Camp Huntertm, Gi Cell Line), supplied by Eurofins, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Image Search Results


A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles from bovine nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324179

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.

Article Snippet: Environmental Information Processing , Regulation of actin cytoskeleton Focal adhesion Rap1 signaling pathway ECM-receptor interaction PI3K-Akt signaling pathway Chemokine signaling pathway Apelin signaling pathway Sphingolipid signaling pathway Ras signaling pathway cAMP signaling pathway MAPK signaling pathway , bta04810 bta04510 bta04015 bta04512 bta04151 bta04062 bta04371 bta04071 bta04014 bta04024 bta04010 , ACTN1, C9, COL6A1, COL6A3, FLNA, FN1, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAQ, GNB1, GSN, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPG2, ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGB1, LAMC1, MSN, MYH9, PFN1, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAC1, RHOA, RRAS, RRAS2, RAP1B, TLN1, YWHAQ, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAZ.

Techniques: Coagulation, Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Binding Assay

A) STRING network of 484 NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Extracellular vesicle biogenesis (red), multivesicular body sorting pathway (blue), ESCRT I complex (pink), ESCRT (green), Flotillin complex (yellow); C) Cluster 2: Detection of oxidative stress (black), pentose phosphate pathway (red), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (blue), biosynthesis of amino acids (green), carbon metabolism (pink), pyruvate metabolism (dark green), TCA cycle (yellow), glutathione metabolism (sky blue), HIF1 signaling pathway (purple), amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ochre yellow), activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria (brown), regulation of localization of FOXO transcription factors (grey); D) Cluster 3: Regulation of Schwann cell migration (blue), G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (green), axon guidance (red); E) Cluster 4: Rac protein signal transduction (red), RAS protein signal transduction (blue), small GTPase mediated signal transduction (green), RAP1 signaling pathway (yellow), EPHB-mediated forward signaling (pink), VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway (dark green), signaling by Rho GTPases (sky blue); F); Cluster 5: MAP2K and MAPK activation (red), RAS signaling pathway (green), MAPK signaling pathway (pink), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (yellow); G) Cluster 6 version 1: Cell adhesion mediated by integrin (red), mesodermal cell differentiation (blue), angiogenesis (green), regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction (yellow), negative regulation of apoptotic process (pink); H) Cluster 6 version 2: ECM receptor interaction (red), focal adhesion (green), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (blue), axon guidance (yellow), TGFβ signaling pathway (pink); I) Cluster 7: Positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly (blue), actin cytoskeleton organization (red), EPHB mediated forward signaling (green); J) Cluster 8: ECM assembly (pink), cartilage development (green), angiogenesis (blue), blood vessel development (red), cell adhesion (yellow), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (dark green). ECM: Extracellular matrix; ESCRT I: Endosomal sorting complex required for transport I; STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles from bovine nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324179

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) STRING network of 484 NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Extracellular vesicle biogenesis (red), multivesicular body sorting pathway (blue), ESCRT I complex (pink), ESCRT (green), Flotillin complex (yellow); C) Cluster 2: Detection of oxidative stress (black), pentose phosphate pathway (red), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (blue), biosynthesis of amino acids (green), carbon metabolism (pink), pyruvate metabolism (dark green), TCA cycle (yellow), glutathione metabolism (sky blue), HIF1 signaling pathway (purple), amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ochre yellow), activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria (brown), regulation of localization of FOXO transcription factors (grey); D) Cluster 3: Regulation of Schwann cell migration (blue), G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (green), axon guidance (red); E) Cluster 4: Rac protein signal transduction (red), RAS protein signal transduction (blue), small GTPase mediated signal transduction (green), RAP1 signaling pathway (yellow), EPHB-mediated forward signaling (pink), VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway (dark green), signaling by Rho GTPases (sky blue); F); Cluster 5: MAP2K and MAPK activation (red), RAS signaling pathway (green), MAPK signaling pathway (pink), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (yellow); G) Cluster 6 version 1: Cell adhesion mediated by integrin (red), mesodermal cell differentiation (blue), angiogenesis (green), regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction (yellow), negative regulation of apoptotic process (pink); H) Cluster 6 version 2: ECM receptor interaction (red), focal adhesion (green), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (blue), axon guidance (yellow), TGFβ signaling pathway (pink); I) Cluster 7: Positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly (blue), actin cytoskeleton organization (red), EPHB mediated forward signaling (green); J) Cluster 8: ECM assembly (pink), cartilage development (green), angiogenesis (blue), blood vessel development (red), cell adhesion (yellow), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (dark green). ECM: Extracellular matrix; ESCRT I: Endosomal sorting complex required for transport I; STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.

Article Snippet: Environmental Information Processing , Regulation of actin cytoskeleton Focal adhesion Rap1 signaling pathway ECM-receptor interaction PI3K-Akt signaling pathway Chemokine signaling pathway Apelin signaling pathway Sphingolipid signaling pathway Ras signaling pathway cAMP signaling pathway MAPK signaling pathway , bta04810 bta04510 bta04015 bta04512 bta04151 bta04062 bta04371 bta04071 bta04014 bta04024 bta04010 , ACTN1, C9, COL6A1, COL6A3, FLNA, FN1, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAQ, GNB1, GSN, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPG2, ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGB1, LAMC1, MSN, MYH9, PFN1, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAC1, RHOA, RRAS, RRAS2, RAP1B, TLN1, YWHAQ, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAZ.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Translocation Assay, Migration, Transduction, Cell Differentiation

NP small EV protein cargo and membrane constituents are involved in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle and PPP. They are crucial for energy production and to maintain the cellular redox balance. NP small EVs with the aid of the 20S proteasome, ensure protein quality control and reduced inflammation in a recipient cell. NP small EVs modulate signaling through EPH receptors, impacting cellular communication and tissue organization. Additionally, NP small EV interact with the complement system, influencing the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways involved in immune responses and inflammation. The PI3K/AKT/RAS signaling pathway is axis is impacted by the NP small EV proteome, which could promote ECM synthesis, cell growth and proliferation. Together, these processes underscore the essential role of the NP small EV proteome in sustaining NP cell function and NP niche homeostasis. ECM: Extracellular matrix; EPH: Ephrin receptor, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, NP: nucleus pulposus, PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, PPP: pentose phosphate pathway, PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, RAF: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, RHEB: RAS homolog enriched in brain, mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, small EV: small extracellular vesicles, TSC1/2: tuberous sclerosis proteins 1 and 2. This illustration was created on Biorender. ( www.biorender.com/ ).

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles from bovine nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324179

Figure Lengend Snippet: NP small EV protein cargo and membrane constituents are involved in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle and PPP. They are crucial for energy production and to maintain the cellular redox balance. NP small EVs with the aid of the 20S proteasome, ensure protein quality control and reduced inflammation in a recipient cell. NP small EVs modulate signaling through EPH receptors, impacting cellular communication and tissue organization. Additionally, NP small EV interact with the complement system, influencing the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways involved in immune responses and inflammation. The PI3K/AKT/RAS signaling pathway is axis is impacted by the NP small EV proteome, which could promote ECM synthesis, cell growth and proliferation. Together, these processes underscore the essential role of the NP small EV proteome in sustaining NP cell function and NP niche homeostasis. ECM: Extracellular matrix; EPH: Ephrin receptor, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, NP: nucleus pulposus, PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, PPP: pentose phosphate pathway, PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, RAF: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, RHEB: RAS homolog enriched in brain, mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, small EV: small extracellular vesicles, TSC1/2: tuberous sclerosis proteins 1 and 2. This illustration was created on Biorender. ( www.biorender.com/ ).

Article Snippet: Environmental Information Processing , Regulation of actin cytoskeleton Focal adhesion Rap1 signaling pathway ECM-receptor interaction PI3K-Akt signaling pathway Chemokine signaling pathway Apelin signaling pathway Sphingolipid signaling pathway Ras signaling pathway cAMP signaling pathway MAPK signaling pathway , bta04810 bta04510 bta04015 bta04512 bta04151 bta04062 bta04371 bta04071 bta04014 bta04024 bta04010 , ACTN1, C9, COL6A1, COL6A3, FLNA, FN1, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAQ, GNB1, GSN, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPG2, ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGB1, LAMC1, MSN, MYH9, PFN1, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAC1, RHOA, RRAS, RRAS2, RAP1B, TLN1, YWHAQ, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAZ.

Techniques: Membrane, Control, Cell Function Assay